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提问加拿大总理特鲁多:回顾访华与权衡治国

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来源:羊说

向杨的微博:向杨Alan

微信公众号:xy88chicago

现任加拿大总理贾斯廷·特鲁多(Justin Trudeau),也是前总理皮埃尔·特鲁多之子。含着金钥匙长大的他,从政前,却走着非同寻常的“群众路线”。他先后就读加拿大麦吉尔大学文学系和不列颠哥伦比亚大学教育系,获得双学位。本科毕业后,特鲁多从事多年教师工作。在芝加哥大学演讲中,他提到自己主要教授数学和法语,为了丰富教学经历,既教过幼儿园,也教过12年级的法学预科,“教学是给学生赋权(Empower)的过程,这段经历给我日后从政打下了基础,因为政治也是一种赋权”。

2002至2004年,特鲁多又到蒙特利尔大学读工程学位,后回到麦吉尔大学,攻读环境地理学硕士,直至谋求公职。期间,特鲁多打过酒保、滑雪教练等多分零工,他还曾在加拿大电视连续剧《伟大的战争》中,因扮演主角而广受好评,被加拿大人称为“特鲁多王子”。2012年,特鲁多因参加拳击赛再次引起关注。当时已经是议员的他,为了给癌症患者募捐,参加慈善拳击比赛,尽管被打的鼻青脸肿,但最终获得胜利。

2015年,从政8年的特鲁多,仅43岁就问鼎总理,系加拿大历史上第二年轻的总理。他继承父辈的自由党,却超越了父辈的期望。2011年,自由党惨败,只获得众议院338个席位的34席,首次沦为议会第三大党。在此危急存亡之秋,党内呼唤特鲁多的声音不绝于耳。2013年,特鲁多以78%的支持率,高票当选自由党党魁。2015年大选,特鲁多颇具奥巴马在2008年竞选的风格,以“真正的改变”掀起了一场运动。最终,特鲁多领导的自由党一洗前耻,赢得众议院338席位的184席,以压倒性优势击败执政的保守党,成为议会的多数党。

特鲁多是一名女权主义者,上任后任命了15位女性部长,占内阁一半。他的进步主义理念(Progressive Ideals),与特朗普掀起的民粹主义(Populism)形成鲜明反差,不少民主党的革新人士,都将目光投向了北方的邻居。然而,也是这种理想主义,在与中国外交的时候,碰到了钉子。

2017年12月3日到7日之间,特鲁多对中国进行正式访问。此行目的是与中方签署协议,开展双边的自由贸易协议谈判。在特朗普提出要修改北美自由贸易协定(NAFTA)之际,此举不失开拓贸易渠道的重要机会。目前,中加贸易每年总额为900亿,2016年中国出口加拿大产品总额为640亿,空间巨大。然而,特鲁多在多个场合推广“进步贸易协定”(Progressive Trade)的概念,认为协定中一定要加上对环境、男女平等、以及劳工保障的章节。也许由于该方面的分歧,他同中国国务院总理李K强的记者会突然取消,备受外界期待的中加自由贸易协定的谈判也没有在特鲁多访华期间启动。相比于特朗普一个月前的访华,特鲁多的经历值得玩味。特朗普享受中方的款待,丝毫未提及历任总统提倡的美国传统价值观,却从名义上拿下高达2500亿美元的单子。而特鲁多空手离开中国,并未建立一个启动正式贸易谈判的框架。

问题是,涉及贸易谈判或更广泛的外交,革新理念(Progressive Ideal)是否仍然有价值?抛开剩下11国的跨太平洋伙伴关系(TPP)不说,没有美国主导革新理念的世界,是更加和谐,还是更加失序?本次特鲁多访问芝加哥大学,由奥巴马两次胜选的首席战略师、芝加哥大学政治研究所所长大卫·阿克塞尔罗(David Axelrod)对话。我的问题入选提问环节,并由阿克塞尔罗先生亲自将问题念给特鲁多。问题虽然隐晦,但也直接道出了革新理念和利益的冲突。如何与理念相异的大国打交道?如何平衡得失?经济建设和环境保护之间如何取舍?阿克塞尔罗在提出我的问题后,做了进一步的追问。

对话文稿

David Axelrod: Yang Xiang, a first-year (Second-year PhD) asks this。 Many people compared your official visit to China last December to Trump‘s visit last November saying that your commitment to progressive ideas such as human rights the rule of law and gender equality, was considered sensitive, therefore not received well by the Chinese government。 In contrast, President Trump did sign multi-billion-dollar deals with Beijing, while ignoring US traditional values, which his predecessors had upheld。 The question is how to engage with authoritarian leaders in this increasingly multipolar world without falling into a credibility trap in exercising moral leadership。

大卫·阿克塞尔罗: 博士一年级(实际是二年级)学生向杨提问道:许多人拿你去年十二月对中国的正式访问对比去年十一月特朗普访中,认为你所忠于的那些革新理念,例如人权、法治、性别平等都是敏感话题,所以都不太受中国政府待见。反观特朗普总统,他在北京签订了数千亿美元的单子,但绝口不提美国的传统价值观,即前任总统们一直坚守的价值观。向杨的问题是:如何与威权主义领导人,在当前这一愈加多极化的世界中打交道的同时,又能避免在发挥道德领导力时陷入死守承诺带来的陷阱?

Justin Trudeau: It‘s always a balance。 We know that it’s easy - you know one path is to sort of sit back and say I‘m not gonna engage with anyone who doesn’t share our values and our progressive ideals。 And maybe larger economies can get away with that, but Canada as a country doesn‘t really get a lot of leverage if we say well we’re not going to talk to you until you change your system。 [This] is not our path for actually bringing about improvements and changes that will meaningfully improve outcomes for people。 So we feel that thinking about how we engage in a responsible way that, yes, looks for economic opportunities for our citizens。 I mean we‘re very interested in some of the opportunities for our small businesses, for agricultural producers to sell into the growing Chinese middle-class market, but we’re not gonna back off on saying look we believe that a free informed populace is essential through a free independent media。 These are essential pillars of success and freedom in society and we‘re not going to flinch too much on that。 We’re gonna respect that you have a different view on it, but we‘re gonna find ways where we can stand true to our values and create benefits for our country, and perhaps some benefits for your citizens that will see that there are other ways of doing things that might be better down the road it came up again。

特鲁多总理:这一切需要权衡。有些简单粗暴的做法,一条路径就是我们什么也不做,不和任何人合作,除非他们认同我们的价值观和革新理念。较大的的经济体或许可以这么任性,但是加拿大并没有这么多筹码,所以我们不能说要和我们谈的话就要先改变你的体制。这并不是我们带来实质性改善的方法,从而真真正正提高人民的福祉。我们必须想出负责任的方法,来为我们的公民寻求经济方面的机会。我对一些小型企业能够享有的机遇非常感兴趣,比如农产品生产商能够迈入中国中产阶级的消费视野。但我们不会让步的是,我们相信民众的自由和知情权至关重要,通过自由独立的媒体发挥作用。这些是一个社会得以成功保持自由的支柱。我们不会在这一点上退缩太多,但我们会尊重对方对此拥有不同的观点。所以我们要找寻合作的方式,既能坚守我们的价值观,又能为我国带来利益。或许也会为对方公民带来利益。 他们会看到其他的方法,更适应具体情况的方法 。

David Axelrod: This week in the story surfaced that Canada‘s selling 16 combat helicopters to the Philippines。 You were very critical of the Duterte regime。 They didn’t much appreciate it when you were there on that same trip to Asia。 But it‘s been criticized by some human rights advocates and some of your political opponents。 Do you have any concerns about giving him weaponry that could be used against his own citizens?

大卫·阿克塞尔罗:本周又有报道提到加拿大向菲律宾出售了16架战斗型直升机。你一直对杜特尔特政权持批评态度。当你在亚洲访问时,菲律宾政府对你当时的到访并不是很喜欢。然而一些人权支持者对这笔交易持批评态度,你的政治对手也批评了这笔交易。你是否担心过给杜特尔特政府武器,会被他用来对付自己的人民?

Justin Trudeau: Absolutely, we have very clear rules around whom and what we can sell either arms or potential military vehicles like helicopters and your controls on what they intend to be used for and checks on how they are used。 And we‘re gonna make sure before this deal or any other deal goes through that we are abiding by the rules and the expectations that there aren’t just sort of values but that are actual rules that Canadian governments have to follow when we‘re looking at deals like this。 Whether it’s selling equipment to foreign countries from arms to whatever or on investments by different countries in Canada to make sure that they fit within the security framework that we want that there‘s not national security interests and that they’re in a net benefit position for Canadian citizens for workers。

特鲁多总理:我们实际上针对给谁卖武器以及卖什么武器,制定了非常清晰的规则。不管出售的是武器还是像直升机这样的军事飞行器,我们还规定了它们的用途并且会核查实际使用情况。在这笔交易之前,在任何一笔交易之前,我们都需要确保我们做的事情符合规定和期望。不仅仅体现了某某价值观,而是加拿大政府必须遵守的实实在在的规定。当我们考虑此类交易时,不论是向外国出售武器之类的装备,还是其他国家在加拿大境内投资,我们都要确保遵守了安全条例。我们希望不触及任何国家安全利益,而且实实在在地为加拿大公民带来了利益。

David Axelrod: So you‘re satisfied in this case that these this were。。。

大卫·阿克塞尔罗:那你个人对这笔交易是比较满意喽?

Justin Trudeau: We are still in the process of looking at it。

特鲁多总理:它还在审核期中。

David Axelrod: I see。 This issue of balance。 You ran a campaign that was familiar to me it was more of a movement than a campaign and it inspired a great deal of idealism。 And governing is tougher。 So on an issue like the environment, I mean you have a very strong issue on the environment。 You also have a country that extracts energy and you‘re dealing with issues of pipelines in your country。 How do you make those decisions? Where do you draw a line? You know we had a big controversy in this country about the Keystone pipeline to bring oil from the oil sands of Alberta down to the port of Louisiana and so on。 What is the standard you use? How do you make that calculus and how do you keep from disappointing people who say I thought he’d be stronger than that?

大卫·阿克塞尔罗:好的。就平衡的问题,你的竞选活动在我看来很眼熟。[注:特鲁多的竞选和大卫·阿克塞尔罗操办的奥巴马竞选,很类似]它更像是一场运动,激励了很多理想主义者。但执政就困难多了!那么在诸如环境这样的议题上,你在环境议题上的立场很强硬。同时,加拿大也是能源开采国,你也正在处理输油管道的问题。你如何做出那些决定呢?你的评判标准是什么? 在我们美国国内,Keystone输油管道工程引发了很大的争议,就是把石油从艾伯塔的油砂中,一路输送到路易斯安那的港口。你的评判标准是什么呢?你是怎么权衡此事的?你又是怎么应对那些对此失望的人呢?他们会说:哇,我以为他会是一个很强硬的人呢!

Justin Trudeau: Well, first of all in government you‘re gonna have to make choices that some people are going to disagree with and what people look at is what choices have you made and also what is the underlying thinking what are the values that drove those decisions。 We ran on a platform that said what those to our left and to our right both say that you have to choose。 It’s either the environment or the economy。 You can‘t do them both together。 I know and most people know that the only way to build the strong economy of the future is to make sure we’re protecting the environment at the same time。 So that‘s a nice thing to say and it’s a fundamental principle we live by。 But when you actually get around to making those decisions, there were a number of pipeline proposals we looked at。 A couple of them we turned down or one of them we turned down the northern gateway。 One of them we approved the Kinder Morgan TMX pipeline。 The people who wanted all pipelines were furious at us for refusing the Northern Gateway and the people who wanted no pipelines were furious at us not for turning down the northern gateway。

But for approving the TMX pipeline, we made a decision not just looking for a Goldilocks solution but we actually know that for the first time in Canada‘s history, we were able to put together a concrete plan, not just targets, not just targets to reach our climate emission reductions, but a plan to reach those。 And that plan involved different things。 It involved a national price on carbon pollution, national standards in every region of the country that will actually be met and reduce our carbon emissions。 But the flip side of that is we’re actually going to get our oil resources to new markets across the Pacific。 We‘ll do it safely and securely through a pipeline, which is better than doing it by rail or by trucks。

And you know the folks on the right are upset there‘s a national price on carbon, the folks on the Left are upset we approved a single pipeline。 We’ve actually approved more than one pipeline but we‘re doing that because there’s a balance。 And on top of that we‘re putting in world-class oceans protection to make sure that the BC coast is safe, so these things all fit together。 And anyone can find issue with one of those decisions。 And what I am counting on and hoping on and I think reasonably confident about because I know Canadians and I know we’re reasonable people。 People will get the big picture we‘re going at。 And that faith in Canadians is one that I am confident。

特鲁多总理:首先呢,在政府工作就要做一些抉择,但不是每个人都会认同你所做的决定。人们看的是你做了哪些决定、你为什么要做这些决定以及这些决定体现了怎样的理念。我们竞选过程中,听左派和右派的意见。他们都说:我们必须做出选择,要么保护环境,要么发展经济。不可能二者兼得。这我知道。大家都认为发展未来强劲经济的唯一方式,是在发展经济的同时也要保护环境。话是这么说没错,这也是我们所信奉的原则。但当你真正到了做决定的时候,我们审查了好几个铺设输油管道的企划书。我们拒绝了其中的一些,这其中就包括北方门户输油管计划;[注:北方门户输油管计划由安桥Enbridge公司提出,从一开始就反对声不断]而我们批准了金德摩根公司的TMX输油管道。[注:该项目得到加拿大总理特鲁多批准,拟将从艾伯塔省油砂中提炼出重油,并将重油输送至不列颠哥伦比亚地区的温哥华港口。]支持全面铺设输油管道的人就对我们颇有意见,因为我们拒绝了北方门户输油管计划。那些不支持任何输油管道的人对我们也颇有意见,不是因为我们拒绝了北方门户公司,而是因为我们批准了TMX输油管道。

所以我们在决定批准TMX输油管道时,不仅仅要找最优解,我们也意识到在加拿大历史上,这是我们首次能拿出的一个切实可行的计划。不仅仅是一些目标,不仅仅是应对气候变暖要达到的减排目标,而是一个能实现这些目标的计划。但这项计划包含不一样的内容,它包含对碳污染进行全国性的定价,在全国各地区都必须达到的国家标准,同时减少我们的碳排放。但事情的另一面是,我们要把加拿大的石油资源出售到大洋彼岸的市场。我们通过石油管道可以安全稳妥地做到这一点,比铁路运输和汽车运输要好得多。

右派人士非常恼火,不同意对碳排放上税;左派人士也很恼火,因为我们批准了一条石油管道。实际上我们批准了不止一条。我们这么做是为了更好的平衡,更重要的是我们实施了领先全球的海洋保护,确保卑诗省沿岸的安全。[注:卑诗省即加拿大不列颠哥伦比亚省(British Columbia)]所以这些事都要考虑进来,任何人都可以质疑这些决定中的某一项,但我期望看到的是,我对此保持理性乐观。因为我了解加拿大人,我知道我们是理性的人,人们会顾全大局。信任加拿大人民,这点我很有信心。

特别鸣谢Leon的英翻中以及字幕制作

向杨的微博:向杨Alan

微信公众号:xy88chicago

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