来源：英文联播
HOW JAPAN PICKS AMERICA‘S BRAINS
December 21， 1987
《FORTUNE》
AFTER ITS DEFEAT in World War II， Japan was content to take foreign inventions -- the transistor， the laser， the videotape player -- and convert them into products that it could market around the world.Japan acquired much of its base of Western technology， most of it American， perfectly legally through licensing， careful study of scientific papers and patents， and imitation。
二战失败后，日本乐意学习外国发明——晶体管、激光、录放机，将这些转化为可以在全世界销售的产品。日本获得许多西方的技术基础，主要来自美国，他们合法专利授权、仔细研究科学论文和专利以及模仿。
But when the U.S。 wasn‘t willing to share， some Japanese companies simply copied with little regard for patents and other intellectual property rights that the courts have only recently begun to define in many areas of high technology。
可当美国不愿意分享时，某些日本公司干脆山寨，毫不尊重专利等知识产权，直到最近法院才开始在诸多高科技领域对这些专利和知识产权做出裁决。
The U.S。， confident of its technical superiority， ‘’sold out to the Japanese，‘’ says G。 Steven Burrill， head of the high-technology consulting group at Arthur Young， a Big Eight accounting firm。 ‘’We let them share our brain。‘’
八大会计师事务所之一安永旗下的高科技咨询集团总裁史蒂芬·博立尔说，对自家技术优势有信心的美国把技术“都卖给了日本人”，“我们让他们分享我们的大脑”。
Now， belatedly awake to the recognition that Japan has been eating their breakfast， lunch， dinner， and bedtime snack， American companies are stirring。 IBM vs。 Fujitsu over computer software， Honeywell vs。 Minolta over automatic focusing， Corning Glass vs。 Sumitomo Electric over fiber optics -- these are only the latest， best-publicized complaints that Japan has stolen American technology。
如今，迟迟才认识到日本吃了我们的早点、午餐、晚宴和夜宵，于是美国公司急眼了。IBM与富士通的计算机软件争端、霍尼韦尔与美能达的自动对焦技术争端、康宁玻璃和住友电子的光纤争端——这些都是最近日本盗取了美国技术的诉讼，媒体大肆宣传。
Even as those legal battles are fought out， the copycat cliche is becoming obsolete。 A series of studies financed by the U.S。 government since 1984 warn that Japan has caught up with the U.S。 or passed it in the development of integrated circuits， fiber optics， computer hardware engineering， and advanced materials like polymers.It is pressing hard in some areas of biotechnology， and lags primarily in computer software。 Already there are signs that the Japanese， buoyed by their new prowess， have assumed the arrogance of the U.S。 along with its technology。
虽说打了不少官司，日本全是山寨货的陈词滥调正在过时。美国政府1984年以来资助的一系列研究警告称，日本已在集成电路、光纤、计算机硬件设计和高分子聚合物等先进材料领域赶上甚至超过美国。日本在生物技术的一些领域紧随其后，主要在计算机软件方面有所落后。已有迹象显示，这些卓尔不群的表现，让日本人拥有了美国及其技术带来的傲慢心理。
WHILE skirmishes over trade balances continue to dominate the governmental dialogue between Tokyo and Washington， technology is rapidly becoming the main battleground。 ‘’The future of U.S。-Japan trade negotiations is increasingly high tech，‘’ says a top Western diplomat in Tokyo。
尽管就贸易平衡问题发生口角，这仍然是东京和华盛顿政府间对话的主流，技术正迅速成为主要战场。“美日贸易谈判的未来越来越集中在高科技，”驻东京的一位西方高级外交家说。
Indeed， technology has been at the root of a number of recent diplomatic flaps between the two countries： sanctions against Japanese electronic products in response to microchip dumping， the illegal sale of Toshiba machine tools to the Soviet Union， demands for access to a big part of Japan‘s market for U.S。 supercomputers， and attempts by Japanese bureaucrats to restrict foreign competition in domestic telecommunications。
没错，技术是最近两国一系列外交紧张事件的根源：因微芯片倾销而去制裁日本电子产品，东芝非法向苏联销售机床，美国超级计算机要求在日本拿到更大市场准入权，日本官僚试图限制本国电信业中的外国竞争。
Sometimes protectionist sentiment spills into the technical arena。 White House officials barred foreign scientists last July from a Washington， D.C。， conference on superconductivity， where international competition is intense.The University of Rochester‘s business school was widely criticized in September for succumbing to pressure from Kodak and barring an employee of its archrival Fuji Photo Film， who wound up at MIT.And in its turn， MIT in November ruled out buying a supercomputer made by Japan’s NEC， after a U.S。 Commerce Department official warned the university that it might bring antidumping charges if the price was too low。
贸易保护主义的情绪不时溢出到技术领域。白宫官员去年七月禁止外国科学家参加在华盛顿举行的超导会议，在这一领域，国际竞争激烈。罗彻斯特大学商学院饱受批评，因为去年9月迫于柯达压力，大学禁止其主要竞争对手富士胶卷的员工入学，结果这名学生去了麻省理工学院。至于麻省理工学院，它11月禁止购买日本NEC制造的超级计算机，原因是此前美国商务部官员警告称，如果购买价格过低，可能会提起反倾销控诉。
‘’Are the Japanese picking our brains？‘’ a congressional staffer asks。 ‘’Yes。 They‘re doing it very well。 They’re doing it legally。 The question is whether we have a two-way street。‘’
“日本人在摘走我们的大脑吗？”一个国会员工问。“是的，他们正在这样做，合法合规，但问题在于是否有来有往。”
As in the broader case of equal access to each other‘s domestic markets， building a two-way street isn’t easy。 For one thing， much U.S。 basic research is done at universities or government centers -- and so is generally in the public domain； because Japanese universities have neglected basic research， much of it is done by corporations -- and so is proprietary。
说到双方市场平等准入，有来有往并不容易。首先，多数美国的基础研究是在大学或政府机构完成的，因此基本都是公开的；因为日本大学忽视基础研究，大多数由公司来做，所以有知识产权保护。
Says Daniel Burton， an official of the non-profit Council on Competitiveness： ‘’You can‘t get the same information from Hitachi that you can get from a university。 If you’re a company， you have a vested interest in keeping intellectual property within the company。‘’
非盈利组织“竞争力理事会”官员丹尼尔·伯顿说，“你没法像我们从大学获得信息那样从日立得到相同的信息。如果你是一个公司，你保护知识产权是有既得利益在里面的。”
Moreover， as their research and development matures， the Japanese will have less reason to need U.S。 technology。 According to the National Science Foundation， among the U.S。， Britain， West Germany， France， and Japan， the U.S。 did 69% of the R&D in 1965， during the post-Sputnik boom； by 1985， the U.S。 share was just 55%。
第二，随着他们研发成熟起来，日本人不太需要美国技术了。美国国家科学基金会说，在美国、英国、西德、法国和日本这些国家中，苏联发射人造卫星后的1965年，美国贡献了69%的科研活动，可1985年，美国的份额只有55%。
Corporations in the U.S。 are beginning to realize that intellectual property may be their most valuable asset in competing with Japan。 And with the Koreans， Taiwanese， and Brazilians， whose lower manufacturing and labor costs promise to make them serious rivals.Companies that may have viewed Japanese imitation as an annoying form of flattery a decade ago are now aggressively trying to protect their hard-earned knowledge。 The three most recent cases：
美国公司开始意识到知识产权可能是与日本竞争时最有价值的资产，相比而言，韩国人、台湾人、巴西人的低廉制造和人力成本才让他们成为真正的竞争者。十年前，公司把日本模仿看成一种讨厌的恭维，现在却正在捍卫自己来之不易的知识。最近的三个案例：
1。 Corning Glass persuaded a federal judge this fall that Sumitomo Electric stole its patent for making fiber-optic cable， a discovery central to the development of all-purpose， high-capacity telecommunications.The judge ruled that Sumitomo had blatantly copied Corning‘s design for adding selected impurities to glass fiber so it will carry light efficiently。 Sumitomo had to stop manufacturing the fibers at its North Carolina plant。
今年秋天，康宁玻璃向联邦法官主张，住友电子偷窃了他们的专利生产光纤，这种技术对开发全功能、高容量电信产品的核心。法官裁定，住友悍然抄袭康宁设计，这种设计将某些杂质加入玻璃纤维中，让材料可以有效的传导光子。法院裁决住友必须停止在北卡罗来纳工厂生产这种光纤。
2。 Honeywell accused Minolta， one of Japan‘s biggest manufacturers of 35-mm cameras， of infringing Honeywell’s patents on automatic-focusing technology.Honeywell demonstrated the technology for several Japanese camera makers five years ago and eventually sold licenses to a few。 Minolta attended a demonstration but did not get a license from Honeywell。 In two years its Maxxum and Alpha autofocus cameras have become worldwide best-sellers and revived a moribund business.Honeywell doesn‘t accuse Minolta of stealing， but argues that its patents cover the autofocus concept so thoroughly that Minolta must obtain a license.No trial date has been set。
霍尼韦尔起诉日本最大的35毫米照相机制造商美能达，认为后者侵犯霍尼韦尔在自动对焦技术上的专利。霍尼韦尔5年前向几家日本照相机制造商展示了这种技术，最终向其中几家出售了专利许可。美能达参加了展示互动，但并未从霍尼韦尔获得许可。两年后，Maxxum和Alpha自动对焦相机成为全世界最畅销的产品，复兴了一个垂垂老矣的行业。霍尼韦尔并未指控美能达盗窃，但认为其专利全面涵盖了自动对焦概念，因此美能达必须获得许可。审判日期还没有确定。
3。 IBM and Fujitsu finally settled in September a copyright dispute that began way back in 1982。 IBM accused Fujitsu of copying the software that controls its mainframe computers.After an initial agreement fell through， the companies turned to the American Arbitration Association。 The arbitrators gave Fujitsu tightly controlled access to IBM‘s operating-system software for five to ten years -- probably at a stiff price。 In turn IBM will have the right to examine Fujitsu’s software for violations of the agreement。 But the ruling apparently obliges IBM to reveal trade secrets to Fujitsu， which could make the Japanese company an even stronger competitor。
IBM和富士通9月最终就一场开始于1982年的专利纠纷达成和解。IBM指控富士通盗窃其计算机主机的控制软件。最初的协议失败后，两个公司闹到了美国仲裁联合会。仲裁者严格限制富士通在未来5到10年使用IBM操作系统软件，可能富士通要花大价钱。反过来，IMB有权审查富士通的软件是否违反协议。但裁决显然让IBM有义务向富士通公布贸易秘密，这会让这家日本公司成为更强大的竞争对手。
The underlying reason that the Japanese need to tap American brainpower is to make up for the great weakness of their industrial juggernaut： the lack of basic research and creativity。
日本需要得到美国大脑，其背后的理由是他们的巨无霸产业有个致命弱点，即缺少基础研究和创造力。
Susumu Tonegawa， a Japanese-born researcher at MIT who won this year‘s Nobel Prize in Medicine， is highly critical of the absence of commitment to basic research in Japan.He contends that scientific concepts are essentially Western inventions and that Japanese culture remains a major block to true creativity。 Scientific thinking， he argues， is a product of individualism， and ’‘in Japan， individualism has never been of personal value。’‘
出生在日本的麻省理工学院生物学家利根川进今年获得了诺贝尔医学奖，他尖锐批评日本对基础研究投入不足。他认为，科学概念基本都是西方发明的，日本文化依然是真正创造力的主要障碍。他认为科学思维是个人主义的产物，“在日本，个人主义从来都不是一种个人价值”。
The Japanese excel at applied science， says Tonegawa， because teamwork is important to success。 After the war Japan failed to invest in basic research because it was too expensive and time consuming。
利根川进说，日本在应用科学上有所建树，因为团队合作对成功很重要。战后日本没有对基础研究进行投资，原因是基础研究费钱又费时。
“he Japanese buy patents rather than developing their own technology， which requires enormous investment，‘’ says Tonegawa。 ‘’They buy the patent， perfect it， synthesize it， sell it， and reinvest the money in another patent。‘’
利根川进说：”日本购买专利而不开发自己的技术，后者需要巨大投资。他们买了专利，完善、整合并出售，继续投钱购买新专利。“
The numbers support him： The U.S。 maintains a healthy and growing surplus with Japan in license fees and royalties。 In 1986， the Commerce Department reports， Japanese companies paid $697 million to U.S。 firms， up from $549 million in 1984。
有数据为证：美国在专利费上对日本保持健康且持续增长的顺差。1986年，美商务部报告，日本公司向美国公司支付了6.97亿美元专利费，1984年的数据时5.49亿。
In the relentless pursuit of new technology， Japanese companies have built a solid pipeline to America‘s research centers。 Barely 800 U.S。 citizens are studying at Japanese universities。 But the National Science Foundation says that some 13，000 Japanese are studying in U.S。 universities。 In 1985， 95 Japanese nationals won Ph.D.s in engineering and science from American institutions.More than 300 Japanese scientists work at the National Institutes of Health -- the largest group of foreigners at the government- funded research center in Bethesda， Maryland。 Probably the biggest batch of foreign researchers in Japan -- around 35 -- is at the National Laboratory for High Energy Physics。
日本公司不懈地寻找新技术，他们构建了直通美国研究机构的管线。只有800个美国公民在日本大学学习，但国家科学基金会表示，13000名日本人在美国大学学习。1985年，95个日本人在美国机构获得工程学和科学博士学位。超过300名日本科学家在国家卫生研究院工作，这家机构位于马里兰州贝塞斯达，是一家政府资助的机构，机构中最大的外国团体就是日本人。大约35名日本人在国家高能物理实验室工作，可能也是最大的外国研究人员团体。
Japanese corporations pay for 14 professorships at MIT， and they are cranking up their other donations to U.S。 universities。 National Science Foundation surveys show that those contributions rose from $3.7 million in 1983 to $9 million in 1985。
日本公司资助14个麻省理工学院的教授职位，他们还资助美国大学。国家科学基金会调查显示，这些资助从1983年的370万美元增长到1985年的900万美元。
BECAUSE Japanese companies prefer to hire undergraduates and train them their own way， most Japanese researchers sent to the U.S。 are not academics but company employees。 That corporate affiliation raises the fear that they will take leading-edge technology back to Japan， where it will be turned into more crushing exports。
因为日本公司更喜欢雇佣本科生，用自己的方式训练他们，大多数送到美国的日本研究人员并非学者，而是公司雇员。这些公司背景不禁让人担忧，他们会把尖端技术带回日本，并转化为横扫世界的出口商品。
Japanese researchers strongly disagree.Michiyuki Uenohara， director of research at NEC， insists that he sends people to the U.S。 not to bring back technology but to develop international connections and broaden their approach to problem solving.Uenohara， an Ohio State Ph.D。 in engineering who spent ten years at AT&T‘s Bell Labs， says it is wrong to view Japanese researchers as spies.While at Bell Labs， he says， many of the projects he worked on were patented by Western Electric， AT&T’s manufacturing arm。
日本研究人员强烈反对这种看法。NEC研发主任上野原道行坚称，他们派人去美国并非为了获取技术，而是发展国际合作，拓宽解决问题的能力。上野原在俄亥俄州大学获得工程学博士学位，在AT&T的贝尔实验室工作10年，他说将日本研究人员当做间谍是不对的。他说，在贝尔实验室时，他参与的许多项目的专利权都属于AT&T下属的制造方西方电子。
American scientists agree that Japanese researchers make excellent contributions outside their stifling home environment。 R。 M。 Latanision， professor of materials science at MIT， says those he gets ‘’work hard and do first-class research。‘’But unlike researchers from developing countries， most of the Japanese who study or work in the U.S。 go back home after their studies are completed， taking their talent and newfound knowledge with them。
美国科学家也同意，走出压抑的本国环境，日本研究者贡献很大。麻省理工学院材料科学教授R.M。拉坦尼申说，他接触到的“工作努力，做了一流的研究”。但与来自发展中国家的研究人员不同，多数在美学习和工作的日本研究人员学成后归国，带走他们的才干和新发现的知识。
Japan has tapped American brains in other ways.Close to 50% of Japanese corporate investment in research and development goes overseas， mostly to the U.S。 The Japanese have been particularly interested in innovative small companies of the type they lack at home， where entrepreneurship is still in its infancy。
日本还以其他方式获取美国智力。日本公司的研发投资接近50%去向海外，主要是美国。日本人对国内没有的创新型小公司尤其感兴趣，那些企业仍然在初创阶段。
Between 1980 and 1982， Japanese companies invested $2 million to $3 million in emerging growth firms in the U.S。 By 1986 that figure had jumped to $200 million a year， says Mark Radtke， a vice president of Venture Economics， a consulting firm in Wellesley Hills， Massachusetts.For money- starved startups， Japanese investment can be irresistible， says Radtke。 ‘’The Japanese companies can be very attractive to help them crack the Asian market，‘’ he adds.But the investments also enable Japan to acquire new technology early。
1980年到1982年间，日本公司在美国新兴增长公司投资200万美元。麻省韦尔斯利山咨询公司”风险经济学“副总裁马克·拉德克说，到1986年，这一数字增长到每年2亿美元。对于缺钱的初创企业而言，日本的投资难以拒绝。他还说，”日本公司很有吸引力，可以帮助他们打开亚洲市场。“但这些投资让日本得以在早期获得先进技术。
The fear of getting left behind can bring out the worst in Japan Inc。 In computer software， for example， the Japanese seem unable to catch up despite well-organized efforts.The Ministry of International Trade and Industry （MITI） proposed a law in 1984 that appeared to force foreign companies doing business in Japan to license their software to Japanese companies。 In the ensuing international uproar the government backed down， but copyright experts at a recent conference on software protection in Tokyo say the Japanese haven‘t given up。
担心落后可以让日本公司不择手段。例如在计算机软件方面，尽管费尽努力，日本看起来无法追赶上美国。于是日本国际贸易和产业省1984年提出一项法律，貌似要迫使在日本做生意的外国公司将软件授权给日本企业。这引发了国际抗议，日政府屈服了，但最近在东京召开的有关软件保护的一个会议上，专利专家表示日本人并未放弃。
Says Roy Freed， a U.S。 copyright lawyer who is a visiting researcher at Tokyo University： ‘’They continue to display a ‘have- not’ mentality。 They see themselves as users， not producers。‘’Adds Hisao Ishihara of the government-financed Software Information Center： ‘’We have to be made aware that invading copyright is the same as stealing something。‘’
在日本东京大学访问的美国专利律师罗伊·弗里德说：”他们继续展示出‘穷人’思维。他们认为自己是使用者，不是生产者。“政府投资的软件信息中心的石原久生说：“我们必须明白，侵犯专利和偷东西是一样的。”
The cavalier attitude of some Japanese companies toward intellectual property may also reflect a new arrogance.As the Japanese evolve from ‘’have- nots‘’ to ‘’haves，‘’ it becomes more difficult for them to admit needing anything from the U.S。 Recently the Japanese media have been ballyhooing the national effort to get into the aerospace business， where the U.S。 is far ahead。
有些日本公司对知识产权无所顾忌的态度也反映出一种新的傲慢。随着日本从“穷人”变成“富人”，他们越来越不愿承认自己需要美国。最近，日本媒体对国家进军航空业的努力大吹大擂，在这个领域美国远远领先。
Much has been made of a second-stage liquid oxygen-liquid hydrogen rocket developed by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries.There is almost no mention that the huge first stage and its engine were designed by McDonnell Douglas and Rocketdyne， both U.S。 companies。
他们说，三菱重工开发了一个二级液体氢氧火箭的主体，但压根没有提到巨大的一级火箭和发动机是麦道和洛克达因公司设计的，两者都是美国公司。
Paying for the use of patents or copyrighted material can be expensive， and the strong yen has triggered a heroic effort to trim costs。 Japanese managers complain that U.S。 companies are jacking up prices。 Says NEC‘s Uenohara： ’‘We’re getting pressure to accelerate our own development of intellectual property。‘’
付钱使用专利或专利材料很昂贵，且日元走强促发了削减成本的英雄式努力。日本管理者抱怨，美国公司在哄抬物价。NEC的上野原说：“我们有压力，要加速对知识产权的自行开发。”
A MEASURE of Japan‘s progress can be found in the number of patent filings in the U.S。， Japan’s most important export market。 The U.S。 patent office in 1986 granted 14，000 patents to Japanese nationals vs。 38，000 to Americans。
日本的进步反映在在美专利注册数量上，美国是日本最重要的出口市场。1986年，美国专利办公室授予日本人14000项专利，授予美国人的数量是38000项。
In fact so many Japanese are thought to have filed for patents at home in the hot new area of superconductivity that U.S。 companies have complained that Japanese / are trying to preempt the field。
事实上，在超导等热门新兴领域，许多日本人在国内申请了专利，美国公司抱怨日本要取得先机。
Risaburo Nezu， a MITI planner in basic technology， says the filings are probably defensive， reflecting concern that someone in the U.S。 may take out a broad basic patent that blocks everyone else， as Corning did in fiber optics。
日本国际贸易和产业省基础技术规划官根津理三郎说，专利数量可能是防御性的，我们担心美国有人会申请一个广括性的基础专利，阻止其他人进入，正如康宁玻璃在光纤上的所作所为。
But all those Japanese patents will have an impact far in the future。 Gerhard Parker， director of technology development at Intel， the California chipmaker， says that as U.S。 patents expire and newer Japanese patents remain in effect， U.S。 royalties to Japan will rise。
但日本所有这些专利都会在未来产生影响。加州芯片商英特尔技术开发主任格哈德·帕克说，随着美国专利到期，较为晚近的日本专利却还在生效，因此美国给日本的专利费会增加。
There are other signs that Japan is no longer waiting for America to hand it technology -- possibly because it has already made off with the best available.Boasts Genya Chiba， director of Japan‘s Exploratory Research for Advanced Technology program： ’‘As Japan becomes more competitive， it becomes increasingly difficult to find superior technology in the rest of the world。’‘
另有迹象显示，日本不再等着美国交付技术了，可能因为他们已经把能拿的好东西都顺走了。日本先进技术开拓研究项目主任千叶幻也说：“日本越来越有竞争力，越来越难在世界其他地方找到更好的技术。”
To stimulate basic research， the Japanese government has poured money into new research labs and prodded companies to cooperate。 Fujitsu R&D director Bun- ichi Oguchi says his company is now spending one-third of the research segment of his R&D budget on basic research。 Since 1985， Nippon Telegraph & Telephone， the telecommunications giant， has nearly tripled its research labs from four to 11。
为了刺激技术研究，日本政府已经将钱投到研究性实验室并促使公司参与合作。富士通研发主任小口文一说，其公司现在将研发预算中三分之一用于基础研究。自1985年以来，电信巨头日本电报电信研发实验室的数量从4个增加到11个，几乎增加了2倍。
THE FACT that Americans now worry about their access to Japanese technology is an acknowledgment of Japan‘s new scientific competence。
美国人现在担忧他们能否获得日本技术，这本身就表明他们承认日本新获得了科学竞争力。
When the Japanese were known primarily as copycats， the flow of technology was essentially in one direction。 It was also cheap.Aaron Gellman， president of a consulting firm， says that for years U.S。 firms licensed technology to the Japanese without asking for a grant-back， the right to use any improvements they made。 Says Gellman： ‘’This was very arrogant and implied that no one could improve on our technology。‘’
日本过去被认为基本靠山寨时，技术流动主要是单方向的，也非常便宜。一家咨询公司的总裁阿伦·戈尔曼说，多年来，美国公司授权日本公司使用技术不求回报，不要求技术改进后反哺。戈尔曼说：”这非常傲慢，以为没人能改进我们的技术。“
Ignorance of Japanese advances can be costly for rivals。 Bruce Rubinger， director of studies for the Global Competitiveness Council， a high-tech research firm， says many U.S。 patents are invalid because companies have not adequately searched foreign precedents。
对日本进步的无知，让竞争对手们代价惨重。高科技研究公司”全球竞争力理事会“的研究主任布鲁斯·鲁宾格说，美国的许多专利都是无效的，因为这些公司并没有尽职去查看国外是否有人已经申请。
He cites a major U.S。 semiconductor company that had been successfully suing American companies over a process for programming logic chips.When the company sued NEC， however， a patent search showed that the Japanese company had developed and patented the same procedure three years before the U.S。 firm。
他提到一家美国大芯片公司，这家公司成功在编程逻辑芯片工艺上起诉了一干美国公司。然而，当公司起诉NEC时，一搜专利才发现，这家日本公司在美国公司提出专利三年前就已经开发并申请了同样生产工艺的专利。
Not all the blame for the absence of a two-way street in technology falls on Japan。 U.S。 scientists and companies have failed to take advantage of opportunities to tap Japanese academic research。
未形成双向技术交流也不能全怪日本。美国科学家和公司未能抓住机会，利用日本的学术研究。
‘’What‘s wrong here is pure laziness，’‘ says Martin Anderson， an analyst with the MAC Group， a consulting firm in Cambridge， Massachusetts.He complains that few Japanese technical papers are translated and that few American scientists are going abroad。 Says Anderson： ’‘In order to keep generating ideas， you’ve got to constantly see new things。‘’
”说到底就是懒惰，“麻省剑桥咨询公司MAC集团分析师马丁·安德森说。他抱怨说，几乎没人翻译日本论文，很少有美国科学家出国。安德森说：”为了激荡思想，你必须不断地看新东西。“
A recent survey of large Japanese companies by the National Science Foundation found that about half were willing to accept visiting U.S。 scientists in their research labs， many more than NSF had expected。 But candidates are difficult to find because of the language and the lingering conviction that there is little to learn there。
国家科学基金会最近对日本公司进行的一项调查发现，半数日本企业愿意接受美国科学家加入研究团队，这比国家科学基金会预计得要多。但很难找到报名者，因为语言不同，也因为他们自以为日本没什么可学的。
Says Richard J。 Samuels， director of the MIT-Japan Science and Technology Program： ‘’Americans have become rather smug。 They don‘t read foreign journals and they don’t know a foreign language。 ‘’
麻省理工-日本科技项目主任理查德·萨缪尔斯说：”美国人太自大了。他们不读外国期刊，他们不懂外语。“
MIT and a handful of other universities have started Japanese language programs for scientists and engineers； MIT actually places students in Japanese laboratories。 U.S。 databases are adding more translations of Japanese scientific publications。
麻省理工和其他几个大学已经为科学家和工程师开设了日语课程；麻省理工真正把学生送到日本实验室去。美国的数据库增加了更多日本科研发表文章的翻译。
ON THEIR END， the Japanese are trying to adjust to their new role as a scientific leader。 ‘’We have to accept that our facilities have not been open to foreigners，‘’ says Chiba。
至于日本，他们正在调整自己，扮演科学领导者的新角色。”我们不得不接受这个事实，我们的机构对外国人还不开放，“千叶幻也说。
He believes a consensus is forming in Japan that government and company laboratories must do more to attract Western scientists and to translate more Japanese research.At the same time， Chiba says， there are other barriers。 Foreigners haven‘t been beating down the doors of Japanese institutions， in part because ’‘we are not known so far as a place for young scientists to prove themselves。’‘
他相信，日本正在形成共识，政府和公司实验室必须加倍努力吸引西方科学家，以转化更多的日本研究。同时，千叶幻也说，还有许多障碍。外国人还没有打开日本研究机构的大门，部分原因是”我们迄今为止还算不上一个年轻科学家可以证明自己的地方。“
While Japan struggles to open up， U.S。 companies are becoming more protective of their technology.The recent rash of lawsuits shows that they are paying more attention to patents and pursuing violators more vigorously。 They have also become more careful about joint ventures and licensing。
日本开放之路困难重重，美国公司对自家技术保护性越来越强。最近的官司表明，他们都更加注重专利，更积极地打击侵犯专利者。他们也对合资企业和专利授权更加谨慎。
Intel has refused to license its newest generation of 32-bit 80386 microprocessors to anyone but IBM； a company that wants to clone the most powerful of the new IBM PS/2 personal computers would have to buy the 80386s outright。 Intel and NEC have exchanged lawsuits； Intel has accused the Japanese company of infringing its copyright on another chip。
英特尔拒绝将新一代32位的386微处理器授权给任何人，要想克隆最强大的IBM PS/2个人电脑，公司必须把386彻底买下来。英特尔和NEC互相起诉对方，英特尔指控日本公司侵犯了其他芯片的专利权。
William Norris， chairman emeritus of Control Data， warns that any effort to achieve a balanced flow of technology between the U.S。 and Japan will require concerted action and patience。‘’It‘ll probably take ten years to get to the point where we should be now，’‘ says Norris。 ’‘Let’s face up to it and get it done before things get out of control。‘’
控制数据名誉主席威廉·诺里斯浸膏说，任何想实现日美两国间技术流动平衡的努力都需要共同行动和耐心。”可能需要十年才能实现应有的样子，“诺里斯说。”还是面对现实吧，在失控之前把事情做好。“
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本文作者系新浪国际旗下“地球日报”自媒体联盟成员，授权稿件，转载需获原作者许可。文章言论不代表新浪观点。
