原标题：媒库文选过度旅游：日益严重的全球性问题
Overtourism：a Growing Global Problem
过度旅游：日益严重的全球性问题
he summer holidays are in full swing - and protests against overtourism have begun （yet again） in a number of popular European cities. Overtourism is not a new problem.
Barcelona， in particular， is at the centre of these mounting concerns about the rapid growth of tourism in cities， especially during peak holiday periods. In fact， Destination Barcelona estimates that there were 30m overnight visitors in 2017， compared to a resident population of 1，625，137.
While many tourists want to “live like a local” and have an authentic and immersive experience during their visit， the residents of many tourism-dependent destinations are seeing the unique sense of place that characterised their home towns vanish beneath a wave of souvenir shops， crowds， tour buses and rowdy bars. They are also suffering as local amenities and infrastructure are put under enormous strain.
It is a truly global issue. Other destinations where overtourism has reached disruptive proportions include Palma de Mallorca， Paris， Dubrovnik， Kyoto， Berlin， Bali and Reykjavik. Recently， Thai authorities were forced to act when a number of tourists visiting Maya Bay， the beach made famous by Danny Boyle's film The Beach， led to shocking environmental damage.
Overtourism is harming the landscape， damaging beaches， putting infrastructure under enormous strain， and pricing residents out of the property market. It is a hugely complex issue that is often oversimplified.
It can have an impact in multiple ways. The international cruise industry， for example， delivers thousands of passengers daily to destination ports. While comparatively little is returned to communities， cruise activity creates physical and visual pollution.
City residents also bear the cost of tourism growth. As cities transform to cater for tourists， the global travel supply chain prospers. This coincides with increasing property speculation and rising costs of living for local communities. AirBnB， for example， has been accused of reducing housing affordability and displacing residents.
Overcrowding and the establishment of typical tourism-focused businesses， such as clubs， bars and souvenir shops， overwhelm local businesses - and rowdy and unmanageable tourist behaviour is common. This diminishes the unique ambience of destinations and leads to crowd and waste management pressures.
Clearly， tourism brings jobs， investment and economic benefits to destinations. But overtourism occurs when tourism expansion fails to acknowledge that there are limits. Local government and planning authorities have so far been powerless to deal with the overwhelming influence of the global tourism supply chain. This has led to widespread “tourist-phobia” - first described by Manuel Delgado more than a decade ago as a mixture of repudiation， mistrust and contempt for tourists.
Dealing with overtourism must now be a priority. But despite the mounting howls of protest， tourism promotion endures - and unsustainable hordes of tourists continue to descend on cities， beaches and other natural wonders.
Managing the flow of tourists seems an improbable and unwelcome task. But some cities have taken drastic measures to limit the effects of overtourism， including the introduction of new or revised taxation arrangements， fines linked to new local laws， and “demarketing”， whereby destinations focus on attracting fewer， high-spending and low impact tourists， rather than large groups.
But it's a fine line to tread. If tourist arrivals to a destination decline suddenly and dramatically it would likely have considerable economic repercussions for those who rely on them.
Overtourism is a shared responsibility. City administrators and destination managers must acknowledge that there are definite limits to growth. Prioritising the welfare of local residents above the needs of the global tourism supply chain is vital. Prime consideration must be given to ensuring that the level of visitation fits within a destination's capacity.
夏季休假如火如荼地进行着，然而反过度旅游的抗议活动已经（再一次）在许多热门的欧洲城市开始上演。过度旅游并非一个新问题。
人们越来越忧心于城市旅游业的迅速发展，尤其是在旅游旺季，巴塞罗那是这些忧虑的聚焦点。事实上，“以巴塞罗那为目的地”旅游组织估计，2017年的过夜游客多达3000万人次，相比之下常住居民仅1625137人。
虽然许多游客都想“做个当地人”，并且在其旅游过程中享受到真实且身临其境的体验，但在许多旅游目的地，居民们看到的是代表家乡特色的独特地方感淹没在纪念品商店、人潮、旅游大巴和喧闹的酒吧中。他们还苦不堪言，因为当地的便利设施和基础设施都处于重负之下。
这确实是一个全球性问题。过度旅游已达到破坏性程度的其他旅游目的地包括马略卡岛帕尔马、巴黎、杜布罗夫尼克、京都、柏林、巴厘岛和雷克雅未克。最近，被丹尼·博伊尔的电影《海滩》带火的玛雅湾的大批游客造成令人震惊的环境破坏后，泰国当局被迫采取行动。
过度旅游正在破坏自然景观，荼毒海滩，给基础设施造成巨大压力，抬高价格将居民挤出房地产市场。这是一个非常复杂的问题，但常常被人简单化处理。
它可以通过多种方式产生影响。例如，国际邮轮行业每天将数以千计的乘客送往目的地港口。邮轮回馈给社区的微乎其微，却造成了有形和视觉的污染。
城市居民也承受着旅游增长的成本。随着城市为了满足游客的需求而做出改变，全球旅游供应链蓬勃发展。与此同时，当地社区的房地产投机活动增加、生活成本上升。例如，爱彼迎被指降低了人们的住房支付能力，导致居民离开家园。
人满为患再加上俱乐部、酒吧、纪念品店等常见旅游企业的建立压垮了当地的企业——喧闹和不可控的游客行为司空见惯。这破坏了目的地的独特氛围，给管理人群和处理废物造成了压力。
显然，旅游为目的地带来就业、投资和经济效益。但是，当旅游的扩张未能明白凡事都有度的时候就会出现过度旅游。到目前为止，地方政府和规划当局都无力应对全球旅游供应链的压倒性影响。这导致普遍的“旅游恐惧症”——这个词是曼努埃尔·德尔加多十多年前首创的，用来描述拒绝、不信任和蔑视游客的复杂心理。
现在，解决过度旅游一定要成为重中之重。但是，尽管抗议的声浪越来越高，旅游推广活动却还在继续——难以承受的大量游客涌向城市、海滩和其他自然景观。
管控游客潮似乎是一项不可思议和不讨好的任务。但有些城市已采取严厉措施，控制过度旅游造成的影响，包括新颁布或修改税收规定、设立与地方新法挂钩的罚款以及采取“去营销”手段，即旅游目的地着重吸引数量更少、消费多且不良影响小的游客而非大的团队。
但此事需小心。如果抵达目的地的游客突然大幅减少，可能会对依赖于游客的人产生相当大的经济影响。
应对过度旅游是大家共同的责任。城市管理者和旅游经理必须认识到，增长是有明确限度的。将当地居民的福祉置于全球旅游供应链的需求之上至关重要。最需要考虑到的是确保游客数量符合目的地的接待能力。（涂颀译自澳大利亚“对话”网站7月18日文章）
